Outline of Topics - Revision history

Ken Conklin: /* pp. 879-941 - Testimony of John L. Stevens */

2007-06-25T04:16:59Z

pp. 879-941 - Testimony of John L. Stevens

Jere Krischel: /* pp. 1167-1169 - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued. */

2006-02-11T10:08:35Z

pp. 1167-1169 - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued.

Jere Krischel: /* pp. 1158-1165 - "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS

2006-02-11T10:07:56Z

/* pp. 1158-1165 - "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS

Jere Krischel: /* pp. 1147-1158 - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. */

2006-02-11T10:07:02Z

pp. 1147-1158 - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.

Ken Conklin: /* pp. 1128-1146 - SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON. */

2006-02-11T07:52:26Z

pp. 1128-1146 - SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON.

Ken Conklin at 06:57, 11 February 2006

2006-02-11T06:57:25Z

Ken Conklin at 07:13, 9 February 2006

2006-02-09T07:13:07Z

Ken Conklin at 03:35, 9 February 2006

2006-02-09T03:35:32Z

Jere Krischel: /* pp. 1036-1051 - SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER. */

2006-02-08T07:05:48Z

pp. 1036-1051 - SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER.

Jere Krischel: /* pp. 1034-1036 - SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER----Continued. */

2006-02-08T07:05:10Z

pp. 1034-1036 - SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER----Continued.

@@ Line 380: / Line 380: @@
 ====pp. [[879-941#SWORN STATEMENT OF MR. JOHN L. STEVENS.|879-941]] - Testimony of John L. Stevens====
-John L. Stevens, age 73, was born in Maine.  He was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison to be Minister of the United States to the Kingdom of Hawaii, and arrived in Honolulu in September 1899 while Kalakaua was King.  It was Stevens' first visit to Hawai'i.  He remained in Hawai'i as U.S. Minister until May 24, 1893.
+John L. Stevens, age 73, was born in Maine.  He was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison to be Minister of the United States to the Kingdom of Hawaii, and arrived in Honolulu in September 1889 while Kalakaua was King.  It was Stevens' first visit to Hawai'i.  He remained in Hawai'i as U.S. Minister until May 24, 1893.
 Minister Stevens makes clear that the landing of troops from the ''Boston'' was not in support of any anticipated revolution, but rather was necessary to protect American lives and property and maintain order.  There had been great fear of violence expressed by many people.  There was anarchy in the streets and no effective government forces to control likely rioting or setting of fires.  There were conflicting mass meetings of royalists and annexationists.  The orders to the U.S. troops were the same as had been given on several previous occasions over a period of many years.  The timing of the landing of U.S. troops had no relation to the timing of diplomatic recognition of the Provisional Government, because the purpose of the troops was to protect lives, property, and civil order; and not to support any political faction.  Ministers of many foreign governments had converged on Minister Stevens pleading with him to land the troops, since they had none of their own to protect themselves or their citizens.  For 48 hours from Saturday afternoon to Monday afternoon there was an interregnum -- no effective government.  Thereafter it became clear that the Provisional Government was in control of government buildings and the streets.

@@ Line 562: / Line 562: @@
 Senator Gray reads into the record an essay by Commander E.S. Houston, U.S. Navy, sent to Senator Gray with permission of Commander Houston's superior officers, stating nine reasons why the Hawaiian islands are not of any strategic importance to the U.S. and would actually be a great financial and military burden to defend in case of war.
-====pp. [[1167-1169#SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued. |1167-1169]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued.====
+====pp. [[1167-1169#SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING-Continued.|1167-1169]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING-Continued.====
 Note: The main portion of Spalding's testimony was on pp. [[593-621]].
 SPALDING:  "I find upon examination of the stenographic report of my former statement that I may be misunderstood regarding my estimate of the capacity of the Hawaiian Islands for supporting a larger population than is now to be found in the country. I would explain that I mean to convey the idea or opinion that the country is not and never can be a manufacturing or commercial country based upon its own products. It lacks in mineral resources everything required for manufacturing, and can hardly be said to have even agricultural advantages necessary to compete with more favored countries to the point of exporting enough to pay for what necessary imports would be required from abroad. Sugar, coffee, rice, and other staples may be produced in a limited way, but not in sufficient quantities or at low enough cost to compete in the world's market and furnish a revenue to be depended on. As a part of the United States, and useful as the commanding point in the North Pacific Ocean, Hawaii would become a land of high civilization and attract to its shores a large and intelligent population. Left to itself, and without connection or encouragement from some great nation, Hawaii might support even a million inhabitants, but they would necessarily be restricted to the commonest modes of living and be confined to the bare necessaries of life. ..." Spalding then describes his recently completed visit to Cuba, and compares the social and economic aspects of sugar production in Cuba vs. Hawaii.  Cuba for 400 years under Spanish rule has been a miserable failure, while Hawaii has greatly surpassed Cuba in a relatively short period of time due to the superior influence of U.S.-style government and business management.

@@ Line 556: / Line 556: @@
 For a more detailed summary of Commander Ludlow's testimony, see: [[Summary of Commander Ludlow's Testimony]]
-====pp. [[1158-1165#Senator Frye reads into the record an essay "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE." |1158-1165]] - "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE."====
+====pp. [[1158-1165#MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE.|1158-1165]] - "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE."====
 FRYE:  "It gives a brief history of the French and English attempts to take possession of those islands, and of the English hoisting a flag and its being lowered again. It is a very interesting document, and I think it ought to be incorporated in our record."  [summary of the Paulet/Thomas incident in 1843 and the British/French agreement of 1843]  CASTLE:  "By personal request of Admiral George Seymour and Gen. Miller, in company with Mr. Wylie and the Danish consul, I sat in arbitration and settlement of a number of these British claims in 1845 ... I think I have shown, by the events related as occurring within the last fifty years and quotations from competent naval, military, and civil authorities, that it is both wise and proper for the United States to seek and retain such paramount influence and control of the islands as will prevent their being used as a menace to them in case of war. It will be noted that the incidents narrated and the remarks quoted from writers and speakers were nearly all of them many years antecedent to the treaty, and could only have related to the intrinsic value of the islands for their location and capability of production, and it is now nearly seventy years, as I am informed, since President Monroe uttered his views on this subject. I may remark that Kamehameha IV said to me, while yet heir apparent, that if the nation died out and its sovereignty passed away, as it seemed by the course of events must inevitably be the case, they should and would go to the States, and the question when was only a question of time. If the authorities could enforce neutrality against all belligerents their strategic positions would not be so important, but they have not the power to do so. Hence their strategic value to the United States, and they can in no way be so well utilized as by the perpetuation of this treaty, which will increase and retain a commanding American influence, such as it needs, and which will be better for all of its wants than annexation. Secretary J.G. Blaine makes the Monroe doctrine to include the islands because of their location.

@@ Line 551: / Line 551: @@
 Mr. SIMPSON. "... the chief subsistence are the articles which are procured from the Pacific coast. Of course, the most indigenous article of food the natives live on is what is commonly called poi, a pasty stuff that is made from taro and raw fish. But in spite of that fact, of the 92,000 people in all the islands, they are known as the greatest consumers per capita of any people in the world. ... Of everything. There is more stuff bought and taken in there than in any other place in the world. To illustrate a little more fully, I will cite some of the articles which I sold while I was there. Brick, lime, apples, potatoes, butter, eggs, fire wood, beer, banana crates, flour, whole barley, rolled barley, chopped feed, cracked corn, bran, shorts, feed wheat, oats, timothy hay, wheat hay, alfalfa, carrots, mules, coal (steam and stove), plaster, shingles, salmon (canned and salted), coarse sand, wire nails, onions, sash, doors, and blinds, crackers, provisions, hardware, etc. ... they are the most improvident people I have ever met with. I have never lived in the South, but in the West Indies and in the several countries where they have cheap labor they have utterly no idea of the value of money. ... I do not remember having met more than one or two full-blooded natives who were men of means. I do not wish to question their character, because they are the most honest people that I ever met. Of the so-called 35,000 natives in all the islands, as a matter of fact there are only about 6,000 who are full-blooded natives, the balance having a strain of various kinds of blood."
-====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. |1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====
+====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NICOLL LUDLOW. |1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NICOLL LUDLOW.====
 Nicoll Ludlow's first visit to Hawaii was as commander of the U.S.S. ''Mohican'', the flagship of Admiral Skerrett, which arrived in Honolulu on February 10, 1893 (24 days after the revolution) and remained until May 1.  In Honolulu Commander Ludlow served as Admiral Skerrett's chief of staff.  He went ashore every day, having social contact with people from all groups.  He found things to be quiet and secure.  The prevailing sentiment was that the Provisional Government were honest and effective administrators, although Ludlow says many residents thought it was not the legitimate government of Hawaii.  Ludlow spent a lot of time talking with the royalists, including many visits with the family of Archibald Cleghorn in their home.  Ludlow was pleased when Blount took down the U.S. flag on April 1, because that "seemed to put the responsibility where it belonged."  Ludlow's testimony spanned two days.  The first day Senator Gray was absent, but the second day Senator Gray sparred with Senators Morgan and Frye to elicit testimony from Ludlow on two main points: (1) Ludlow said "My opinion is that the revolution would not have occurred in the way it did, and at the time it did, if the people who were the revolutionary party, had not been assured of the protection and assistance of the United States forces there."  However, cross examination shows that was Ludlow's own opinion based on conversations with royalists several weeks after the revolution.  (2) Ludlow testified he saw the U.S. flag flying alone over the government building [Aliiolani] with no Hawaiian flag [during the period from Ludlow's arrival February 10, to April 1 when Blount took it down].  However, Morgan "impeached the witness" -- Morgan challenged Ludlow's credibility as an observer by asking Ludlow how many flags are flying over the U.S. Capitol on this day when Ludlow is testifying in this building, and Ludlow gave a badly incorrect answer.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:52, 11 February 2006
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	====pp. [[1128-1146#SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON. \|1128-1146]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON.====		====pp. [[1128-1146#SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON. \|1128-1146]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E. SIMPSON.====
		+	William E. Simpson went to Honolulu on the first ship which left San Francisco after the Presidential election, that carried the news that Mr. Cleveland had been elected. Natives, Germans, English, and Americans were all overjoyed that Cleveland had won, because they expected Cleveland to take action to reverse the effects of the McKinley tariff that had abolished the American financial preference for sugar from Hawaii. Simpson goes into great detail regarding the economics of shipping bananas, oats, wheat, barley. Simpson had tried to start a steamship shipping company, and had gotten the Kingdom legislature to provide a subsidy for it under the Wilcox-Jones cabinet. Simpson left Hawaii thinking his business venture was settled; but political turmoil in the Legislature, the dismissal of the Wilcox-Jones cabinet, and the revolution scuttled it.
		+
		+	Simpson describes the history of farming of taro, sandalwood, whaling, sugar, coffee. Coffee growing at the correct altitude looked very promising, and the crop commanded a high price due to its quality. There is no source of fuel in Hawaii for ships, so coal must be shipped there. Coal to fuel a ship on a roundtrip from California to Hawaii takes up about half of the total amount of freight the ship can carry. Sailing ships were more economical for Hawaii trade than steamships. Simpson gives tables showing the value of commodities shipped out of Hawaii, and the influence of the treaty of reciprocity of 1876. More discussion of bananas and rice.
		+
		+	Mr. SIMPSON. "... the chief subsistence are the articles which are procured from the Pacific coast. Of course, the most indigenous article of food the natives live on is what is commonly called poi, a pasty stuff that is made from taro and raw fish. But in spite of that fact, of the 92,000 people in all the islands, they are known as the greatest consumers per capita of any people in the world. ... Of everything. There is more stuff bought and taken in there than in any other place in the world. To illustrate a little more fully, I will cite some of the articles which I sold while I was there. Brick, lime, apples, potatoes, butter, eggs, fire wood, beer, banana crates, flour, whole barley, rolled barley, chopped feed, cracked corn, bran, shorts, feed wheat, oats, timothy hay, wheat hay, alfalfa, carrots, mules, coal (steam and stove), plaster, shingles, salmon (canned and salted), coarse sand, wire nails, onions, sash, doors, and blinds, crackers, provisions, hardware, etc. ... they are the most improvident people I have ever met with. I have never lived in the South, but in the West Indies and in the several countries where they have cheap labor they have utterly no idea of the value of money. ... I do not remember having met more than one or two full-blooded natives who were men of means. I do not wish to question their character, because they are the most honest people that I ever met. Of the so-called 35,000 natives in all the islands, as a matter of fact there are only about 6,000 who are full-blooded natives, the balance having a strain of various kinds of blood."

	====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. \|1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====		====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. \|1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====

@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 For a more thorough summary of Spalding's testimony, please read the [[Summary of Spalding's Testimony]].
 ====pp. [[622-684#SWORN STATEMENT OF WILLIAM DE WITT ALEXANDER.|622-684]] - Testimony of William De Witt Alexander====
@@ Line 524: / Line 526: @@
 ====pp. [[1094-1102#SWORN STATEMENT OF DR. FRANCIS R. DAY. |1094-1102]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF DR. FRANCIS R. DAY.====
 Francis R. Day, age 34, is a medical doctor who lived in Honolulu from Fall 1887 to August 1893.  He discusses the struggle between the Queen and the Legislature regarding who has authority to appoint members of the cabinet. A cabinet favored by the business community was replaced by a new cabinet chosen unilaterally by the Queen.  The lottery and opium bills were then rushed through; the legislature adjourned; and the Queen tried to unilaterally proclaim a new constitution.  Details of the mass meeting at the armory (1200-1300 men), the events of the revolution.  American peacekeepers landed but did not intervene to assist the revolution, and stayed inside Arion Hall and off the streets.  There were threats to American life and property; threats of incendiarism and conflict between the white men who wanted change and the native men loyal to the Queen.  There was no expectation by the revolutionists that they would have any help from the U.S. peacekeepers. "Senator Frye. So far as you know, if the ''Boston'' had been a thousand miles at sea would there have been a different result? Mr. Day. There would have been no difference in the result, except, probably, it would have been wrought with blood. Senator Frye. But as to who would win they had no question? Mr. Day. No." ... Senator Frye. In your opinion, can the Provisional Government maintain itself? Mr. Day. Yes. Senator Frye. The chief followers of the Queen are whom? Mr. Day. Hawaiians and half-whites. ... and a large proportion of English people. ... Senator Gray asks for the nationalities of each member of the Committee of Safety and Dr. Day responds:  Cooper American; McChesney American; W. C. Wilder American; C. Bolte German; Andrew Brown Scotchman; William O. Smith Hawaiian; Henry Waterhouse English; Theodore F. Lansing American; Edward Shur German. L. A. Thurston Hawaiian; John Emmeluth German; W.R. Castle Hawaiian; J. A. McCandless American.  Senator GRAY. Were they all voters, the same as you? Mr. DAY. Yes; many of them are old residents of the country.
 ====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. |1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====
@@ Line 537: / Line 558: @@
 ====pp. [[1167-1169#SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued. |1167-1169]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued.====
 SPALDING:  "I find upon examination of the stenographic report of my former statement that I may be misunderstood regarding my estimate of the capacity of the Hawaiian Islands for supporting a larger population than is now to be found in the country. I would explain that I mean to convey the idea or opinion that the country is not and never can be a manufacturing or commercial country based upon its own products. It lacks in mineral resources everything required for manufacturing, and can hardly be said to have even agricultural advantages necessary to compete with more favored countries to the point of exporting enough to pay for what necessary imports would be required from abroad. Sugar, coffee, rice, and other staples may be produced in a limited way, but not in sufficient quantities or at low enough cost to compete in the world's market and furnish a revenue to be depended on. As a part of the United States, and useful as the commanding point in the North Pacific Ocean, Hawaii would become a land of high civilization and attract to its shores a large and intelligent population. Left to itself, and without connection or encouragement from some great nation, Hawaii might support even a million inhabitants, but they would necessarily be restricted to the commonest modes of living and be confined to the bare necessaries of life. ..." Spalding then describes his recently completed visit to Cuba, and compares the social and economic aspects of sugar production in Cuba vs. Hawaii.  Cuba for 400 years under Spanish rule has been a miserable failure, while Hawaii has greatly surpassed Cuba in a relatively short period of time due to the superior influence of U.S.-style government and business management.

@@ Line 521: / Line 521: @@
 For a more thorough summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement, please read the
 [[Summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement]]
 ====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. |1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:35, 9 February 2006
Line 521:		Line 521:
	For a more thorough summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement, please read the		For a more thorough summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement, please read the
	[[Summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement]]		[[Summary of Nicholas B. Delamater's statement]]
		+
		+	====pp. [[1147-1158#SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW. \|1147-1158]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF COMMANDER NIC0LL LUDLOW.====
		+	Nicoll Ludlow's first visit to Hawaii was as commander of the U.S.S. ''Mohican'', the flagship of Admiral Skerrett, which arrived in Honolulu on February 10, 1893 (24 days after the revolution) and remained until May 1. In Honolulu Commander Ludlow served as Admiral Skerrett's chief of staff. He went ashore every day, having social contact with people from all groups. He found things to be quiet and secure. The prevailing sentiment was that the Provisional Government were honest and effective administrators, although Ludlow says many residents thought it was not the legitimate government of Hawaii. Ludlow spent a lot of time talking with the royalists, including many visits with the family of Archibald Cleghorn in their home. Ludlow was pleased when Blount took down the U.S. flag on April 1, because that "seemed to put the responsibility where it belonged." Ludlow's testimony spanned two days. The first day Senator Gray was absent, but the second day Senator Gray sparred with Senators Morgan and Frye to elicit testimony from Ludlow on two main points: (1) Ludlow said "My opinion is that the revolution would not have occurred in the way it did, and at the time it did, if the people who were the revolutionary party, had not been assured of the protection and assistance of the United States forces there." However, cross examination shows that was Ludlow's own opinion based on conversations with royalists several weeks after the revolution. (2) Ludlow testified he saw the U.S. flag flying alone over the government building [Aliiolani] with no Hawaiian flag [during the period from Ludlow's arrival February 10, to April 1 when Blount took it down]. However, Morgan "impeached the witness" -- Morgan challenged Ludlow's credibility as an observer by asking Ludlow how many flags are flying over the U.S. Capitol on this day when Ludlow is testifying in this building, and Ludlow gave a badly incorrect answer.
		+
		+	For a more detailed summary of Commander Ludlow's testimony, see: [[Summary of Commander Ludlow's Testimony]]
		+
		+	====pp. [[1158-1165#Senator Frye reads into the record an essay "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE." \|1158-1165]] - "MEMORANDA AND REMINISCENCES OF INCIDENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY, BY S.N. CASTLE."====
		+	FRYE: "It gives a brief history of the French and English attempts to take possession of those islands, and of the English hoisting a flag and its being lowered again. It is a very interesting document, and I think it ought to be incorporated in our record." [summary of the Paulet/Thomas incident in 1843 and the British/French agreement of 1843] CASTLE: "By personal request of Admiral George Seymour and Gen. Miller, in company with Mr. Wylie and the Danish consul, I sat in arbitration and settlement of a number of these British claims in 1845 ... I think I have shown, by the events related as occurring within the last fifty years and quotations from competent naval, military, and civil authorities, that it is both wise and proper for the United States to seek and retain such paramount influence and control of the islands as will prevent their being used as a menace to them in case of war. It will be noted that the incidents narrated and the remarks quoted from writers and speakers were nearly all of them many years antecedent to the treaty, and could only have related to the intrinsic value of the islands for their location and capability of production, and it is now nearly seventy years, as I am informed, since President Monroe uttered his views on this subject. I may remark that Kamehameha IV said to me, while yet heir apparent, that if the nation died out and its sovereignty passed away, as it seemed by the course of events must inevitably be the case, they should and would go to the States, and the question when was only a question of time. If the authorities could enforce neutrality against all belligerents their strategic positions would not be so important, but they have not the power to do so. Hence their strategic value to the United States, and they can in no way be so well utilized as by the perpetuation of this treaty, which will increase and retain a commanding American influence, such as it needs, and which will be better for all of its wants than annexation. Secretary J.G. Blaine makes the Monroe doctrine to include the islands because of their location.
		+
		+	====pp. [[1165-1167#Senator Gray reads into the record an ESSAY BY COMMANDER E.S. HOUSTON\|1165-1167]] - Senator Gray reads into the record an ESSAY BY COMMANDER E.S. HOUSTON====
		+	Senator Gray reads into the record an essay by Commander E.S. Houston, U.S. Navy, sent to Senator Gray with permission of Commander Houston's superior officers, stating nine reasons why the Hawaiian islands are not of any strategic importance to the U.S. and would actually be a great financial and military burden to defend in case of war.
		+
		+	====pp. [[1167-1169#SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued. \|1167-1169]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF Z.S. SPALDING----Continued.====
		+	SPALDING: "I find upon examination of the stenographic report of my former statement that I may be misunderstood regarding my estimate of the capacity of the Hawaiian Islands for supporting a larger population than is now to be found in the country. I would explain that I mean to convey the idea or opinion that the country is not and never can be a manufacturing or commercial country based upon its own products. It lacks in mineral resources everything required for manufacturing, and can hardly be said to have even agricultural advantages necessary to compete with more favored countries to the point of exporting enough to pay for what necessary imports would be required from abroad. Sugar, coffee, rice, and other staples may be produced in a limited way, but not in sufficient quantities or at low enough cost to compete in the world's market and furnish a revenue to be depended on. As a part of the United States, and useful as the commanding point in the North Pacific Ocean, Hawaii would become a land of high civilization and attract to its shores a large and intelligent population. Left to itself, and without connection or encouragement from some great nation, Hawaii might support even a million inhabitants, but they would necessarily be restricted to the commonest modes of living and be confined to the bare necessaries of life. ..." Spalding then describes his recently completed visit to Cuba, and compares the social and economic aspects of sugar production in Cuba vs. Hawaii. Cuba for 400 years under Spanish rule has been a miserable failure, while Hawaii has greatly surpassed Cuba in a relatively short period of time due to the superior influence of U.S.-style government and business management.

@@ Line 501: / Line 501: @@
 Senator Gray apparently loved Mr. Stalker's testimony, because Gray indicated he spoke with Stalker after his previous testimony and persuaded Stalker to come back to expand on certain points.  Gray asked Stalker "...you have read over your testimony given the other day. Have you any special correction to make?"  Stalker said "No; nothing special."  But Gray went ahead anyway, asking Stalker a pointed series of leading questions.  Gray gets Stalker to say the Provisional Government could not have maintained power without the cooperation of U.S. troops.  Gray tried to get Stalker to say the revolution would not have occurred without U.S. support, but Stalker wouldn't go that far.  Stalker also said the Queen's government had not been powerless to maintain order by itself.  "In fact, I have heard it repeated by citizens of the country, without respect entirely to their political affiliations, that there is no part of the civilized world where life and property were so secure as in that country."  Senator Frye does a brief cross-examination, confirming that Stalker is a professor of veterinary science, that he lived at the royalist hotel while in Honolulu, and that he had discussions with a Mr. English regarding becoming a professor at the college.  Frye also gets Stalker to say that Stalker had never said, either in formal testimony nor in informal conversation, that Stalker had ever seen armed American forces lined up, or parading, in front of the government building at the time the proclamation of the Provisional Government was read (apparently the Blount Report quoted Stalker saying such things).
-====pp. [[1036-1051#SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER. |1036-1051]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER.====
+====pp. [[1036-1051#SWORN STATEMENT OF P. W. REEDER.|1036-1051]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER.====
 SWORN STATEMENT OF P.W. REEDER.
 P.W. Reeder, age 68, lives in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.  He visited Hawaii on vacation, mostly in Honolulu, November 1893 through February 1893.  He sent some articles that got published in the Cedar Rapids newspapers. He describes political upheavals regarding the opium and lottery bills.  The lottery bill was being pushed by men from New Orleans who operated the lottery there.  Nobles and Representatives sat together in the legislature; speeches in Hawaiian were immediately translated into English.  During heated debates members opposed to the lottery bill described how bill supporters  were being bribed.  But an even larger issue was the 1887 constitution provision that Nobles are to be elected; which the Queen wanted to change back to the former method of royal appointment.  "Emma House", corner of Nuuanu and Beretania, was a hangout for lower-class natives especially resentful toward whites for controlling the government.  They generally opposed the lottery and opium bills on moral grounds, although some liked the revenue to be generated (Reeder says the Kingdom had a debt of $4 Million and the burden would fall whites who owned 80-90% of property).  Opium smoking and gambling were mostly done by Chinese plantation workers and shopkeepers, and were happening in several back alley places in Chinatown even without legislation.  But not much civil disturbance happened as a result.  Reeder expressed unhappiness with numerous white and Chinese lower-class men who lived with native women and had babies even while not married, or even with wives and children in America or China.  Reeder did not have much first-hand information about the events of the revolution, and gave vague and self-contradictory answers when the Senators tried to pry information out of him.

@@ Line 498: / Line 498: @@
 For complete details, see [[Summary of Bowen's Testimony]]
-====pp. [[1034-1036#SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER----Continued. |1034-1036]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER----Continued.====
+====pp. [[1034-1036#SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER-Continued.|1034-1036]] - SWORN STATEMENT OF M. STALKER-Continued.====
 Senator Gray apparently loved Mr. Stalker's testimony, because Gray indicated he spoke with Stalker after his previous testimony and persuaded Stalker to come back to expand on certain points.  Gray asked Stalker "...you have read over your testimony given the other day. Have you any special correction to make?"  Stalker said "No; nothing special."  But Gray went ahead anyway, asking Stalker a pointed series of leading questions.  Gray gets Stalker to say the Provisional Government could not have maintained power without the cooperation of U.S. troops.  Gray tried to get Stalker to say the revolution would not have occurred without U.S. support, but Stalker wouldn't go that far.  Stalker also said the Queen's government had not been powerless to maintain order by itself.  "In fact, I have heard it repeated by citizens of the country, without respect entirely to their political affiliations, that there is no part of the civilized world where life and property were so secure as in that country."  Senator Frye does a brief cross-examination, confirming that Stalker is a professor of veterinary science, that he lived at the royalist hotel while in Honolulu, and that he had discussions with a Mr. English regarding becoming a professor at the college.  Frye also gets Stalker to say that Stalker had never said, either in formal testimony nor in informal conversation, that Stalker had ever seen armed American forces lined up, or parading, in front of the government building at the time the proclamation of the Provisional Government was read (apparently the Blount Report quoted Stalker saying such things).