Introducing the Morgan Report
The Hawaiian Revolution---now all of the facts are available
By Jere Krischel
The Morgan Report of 1894 regarding the Hawaiian Islands is the U.S. Senate’s response to the Blount Report of 1893, which up to now has been the only source of information on the revolution of 1893 readily available to students of Hawaiian history.
Now, for the first time in 112 years, the entire Morgan Report---all 808 pages of sworn testimony, exhibits and findings, is available online for the entire world at http://morganreport.org.
John Tyler Morgan, democrat of Alabama, was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee at the time of the hearings on Hawaii. As a notorious racist ideologue, his paternalistic bigotry was undeniable, and shamefully common at the time. Despite his anachronistic his opinions of race, his investigation was thorough and based firmly on the precepts of international law.
James Henderson Blount, democrat of Georgia, was the former democratic chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee. Blount held secret, informal conversations with royalists and annexationists in Honolulu, and only presented testimony favorable to the Queen's cause in his report.
After receiving Blount's report, President Cleveland ordered Hawaii President Sanford Dole to dissolve the Provisional Government and restore the Queen, but Dole refused. Cleveland then made his often quoted message to Congress, declaring the revolution improper, decrying the U.S. involvement in it, and referring the matter to the “broader authority and discretion of Congress” for a solution.
In response the Senate passed a resolution empowering its Foreign Relations Committee to hold public hearings under oath, and cross-examine witnesses, to investigate U.S. involvement in the revolution and also to investigate whether it had been proper for Cleveland to appoint Blount and give him extraordinary powers to represent the U.S. and intervene in Hawaii without Senate confirmation.
That committee, five democrats and four republicans, cleared the U.S. of having led the revolution, and approved of the president’s questionable appointment of Blount to conduct his investigation of the revolution. In response to the findings of the Morgan Report, Cleveland rebuffed further entreaties by the Queen for intervention and recognized the Republic of Hawaii as the legitimate successor to the Kingdom.
Although repudiated by the findings of Morgan Report, the Blount Report was the primary basis for the U.S. Apology Resolution of 1993, which in turn is the primary basis for both the Akaka bill and claims that Hawaiians have a right of independence under international law.
Modern students of Hawaiian history have not had an opportunity to explore the full story of the Hawaiian revolution. With the rediscovery of the Morgan Report, we all now have the opportunity to learn more about the events surrounding the overthrow, and can understand more fully the role played by U.S. peacekeepers.
Sovereignty activists have had the entire Blount Report on the internet since 2002. With grants from the University of Hawaii to digitize all the important documents related to annexation, they managed to finish everything except for the Morgan report. Without the Morgan Report, however, there cannot be a fair and balanced view of history. The time has come to set the record straight. Today’s decisions about Hawaii’s future should be made in view of the complete historical record. The facts really do matter. Before today it was extremely difficult for scholars and students to go through the Morgan Report. It was available only in the rare books sections of a few libraries.. Now, thanks to volunteers collaborating with open source software over the internet, it is easily available to anyone.
The editors of this project hope this will lead to a fuller discussion of Hawaiian history, and a more thorough understanding of the journey taken by the people of Hawaii culminating in the vibrant, diverse democracy it is today.
(Jere Krischel was born and raised in Hawaii. He is of very mixed ancestry, including: Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Spanish, German and Irish. His great uncle, Kiyoshi Masunaga, was killed in WWII while serving with the 442nd Infantry. He attended Punahou School from kindergarten until 11th grade, when he left for early admission to USC with a resident honors program, graduating in 1995 with a degree in computer engineering/computer science. He is married with two children and lives in California. He can be reached at jere@krischel.org).