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The Chairman. Very good. State what it was.

Mr. Ludlow. My opinion is that the revolution would not have occurred in the way it did, and at the time it did, if the people who were the revolutionary party, had not been assured of the protection and assistance of the United States forces there.

The Chairman. Is that opinion of yours based upon what you heard said in and about Honolulu after you arrived there, or is it an independent opinion based upon what you suppose to be the facts as you derived them from the reports and publications and your own reflections?

Mr. Ludlow. It is an opinion that I formed after I had been there perhaps a week or two, sufficiently long to get acquainted with the people. I had never been there before. I could hear them talk, as they were all talking politics. I did not talk with them, but I heard what they said.

The Chairman. Is your opinion based upon what you heard said there?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes; they were specially free in giving vent to it on both sides. Afterwards very little was said about it by the Queen's party, or Monarchists, as they are called.

Senator Gray. Did you meet Mr. Blount?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes.

Senator Gray. Did you ever hear him express an opinion one way or the other about the matter?

Mr. Ludlow. I never did. He was the most remarkably reticent man in that way that I ever encountered.

Senator Gray. Did you meet Minister Stevens?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes.

Senator Gray. Did you meet the members of the Provisional Government?

Mr. Ludlow. I met them all-all the principal people there; called on them officially and socially.

Senator Gray. On both sides?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes; I tried not to have any politics of my own.

Senator Gray. You tried not to talk politics?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes.

The Chairman. Who among the supporters of the Queen's cause in Honolulu were you in the habit of associating with?

Mr. Ludlow. I can not say associations; simply calling officially and socially.

The Chairman. Well, calling on them?

Mr. Ludlow. I can look at a memorandum book and see the calls I made there. I did not have any intimacy with them at all.

The Chairman. I understand that. I simply want to know the names of the persons who were the supporters of the Queen's cause with whom you had social relations.

Mr. Ludlow. Mr. Robinson, the Queen's chamberlain, and wife, a very charming lady, a daughter of Mr. Cleghorn, and Mr. Cleghorn himself. When I arrived he was the governor of Oahu; afterward his title was abolished. But all these people made very little impression on me. I met Mr. and Mrs. Robinson; Mr. Neuman, who was the lawyer to the Queen, and his family. Those I saw the most of; perhaps called a half dozen times at Mr. Robinson's house and Mr. Neuman's house. I would go down in the evening and sit on the piazza with them. Mr. Neuman was not there most of the time, however. But

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I have a list of the people here, and mixed with them the monarchists, and so on.

The Chairman. Mr. Cleghorn married into the royal family, did he not?

Mr. Ludlow. He married the Princess Likelike.

The Chairman. Mr. Robinson was also connected by marriage with the royal family?

Mr. Ludlow. No; not with the royal family.

The Chairman. With a Hawaiian family?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes. Mr. Cleghorn's first wife was a Hawaiian woman, but not of the royal blood. After her death he married the Princess Likelike, and it is her daughter who is now in England, this princess.

The Chairman. Kaiulani?

Mr. Ludlow. Kaiulani, who comes after Liliuokalani.

Senator Gray. This is the book that you kept referring to memorandum book produced by Mr. Ludlow?

Mr. Ludlow.That is the book I kept. It is my duty to keep a memorandum of them.

Senator Gray. It is a pretty long list?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes.

Senator Gray. It embraces members of the Provisional Government, I suppose?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes; everyone. Castle is here, and the Macfarlanes. They, the Macfarlanes, are all monarchists. The fact is, the monarchists showed more taste in their intercourse with me and the other officers than the annexationists did, because the annexationists would insist on talking politics, especially the ladies. They, the monarchists, considered us as foreigners, treated us as foreigners. The other side did not treat us as foreigners, all the officials, judges-Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith----

Senator Gray. Did you visit Mr. Stevens's house regularly?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes; called there at once on our arrival.

Senator Gray. When you arrived there on the 10th of February, the flag had been raised on the Government building, had it not?

Mr. Ludlow. We found the flag flying when we came in.

Senator Gray. After you had been there some time, as an officer of the Navy did you form any opinion as to the necessity or propriety of that flag being there. I suppose as such officer you were bound to consider matters of international propriety?

Mr. Ludlow. Yes.

Senator Gray. What opinion did you form?

Mr. Ludlow. That the flag should never have been hoisted there; there was no authority for it.

Senator Gray. What did you think as to the propriety, if you formed an opinion in respect to that, of Mr. Blount's requesting Admiral Skerrett to have the flag hauled down?

Mr. Ludlow. I think it was a perfectly proper course to take; in fact, the only course to take.

The Chairman. Would you think that the hoisting of a flag on the invitation of a government for the protection of the peace of the country and its tranquillity was an act not to be performed by a naval officer in a foreign port?

Mr. Ludlow. There is no authority for that. We are authorized to defend American lives and property; we are intrenching on the prerogatives of Congress when we do that.

The Chairman. You can go ashore with your troops?